Quality of Women's Lives after Retirement Research Paper

Quality of Women's Lives after Retirement - Research Paper Example This essay stresses that the participation of women in the workforce is considered as a modern breakthrough. Working in offices, factories, and other forms of workplaces have become the major activities of women. Indeed, the increased economic value of women has improved countries. Some women became political leaders and were in the forefront of shaping the new society. Others have continued to improve their overall value in the society. Because of these improvements, women have enjoyed improved quality of life. The income earned by women has allowed easy access to basic necessities and other forms of luxuries. This report explores that the determination of life quality is approached subjectively. Most individuals contend that quality is tantamount to contentment. Others believe that the quality of life is dependent on the holistic perception that is developed on individuals. Specifically, the quality of life seen among retired 75 year old women requires several discussions. Women who are bracketed in the mentioned group marginally comprise the population of the society. Despite this fact, discussing the quality of life that the group of women has provides interesting results. It is expected that views on this issue will be different. Varying perceptions are critical in comprehending the entire picture. The impetus of this study extends beyond the determination of life quality observed among retired women aged 75 and above.... 1.1. Statement of the Problem The determination of life quality is approached subjectively. Most individuals contend that quality is tantamount to contentment. Others believe that the quality of life is dependent on the holistic perception that is developed on individuals. Specifically, the quality of life seen among retired 75 year old women requires several discussions. Women who are bracketed in the mentioned group marginally comprise the population of the society. Despite this fact, discussing the quality of life that the group of women has provides interesting results. It is expected that views on this issue will be different. Varying perceptions are critical in comprehending the entire picture. In light of this discussion, the following questions will be addressed: 1. How is contentment viewed by retired women who are in the age of 75 and above 2. What are the different aspects that contribute to the identification of life quality 3. Are there differences in which the aspects affect the quality of life as determined by the respondents 4. How does their current state affect the perception of women in relation to the quality of their lives 1.2. Purpose of the Study The impetus of this study extends beyond the determination of life quality observed among retired women aged 75 and above. Primarily, the study will explore the different aspects that affect the views on the quality of life. First, the physical state of women included in the study is a primary indicator of life quality. Good physical condition indicates that the quality of life is also good. Wellness is an important aspect that determines the quality of life. Second, the economic activity of retired women is serves as a vital indicator of life quality. After retirement, women are provided with

Hobbes and Locke Essay Example for Free

Hobbes and Locke Essay Thomas Hobbes and John Locke both sought to explain the behavior of humans in the purest form. In comparing and contrasting their theories, one begins to realize the extent to which these philosophers agreed and disagreed. While Hobbes states that human nature is malicious and requires a sovereign, Locke explains how humans are benelovant and pastoral with no motivation to advance. In Hobbes’ theory of a natural state, people live with no sense of government or law, forcing society into chaos and a war where â€Å"every man [is] against every man† (Hobbes 1651:3). Without the constraints of an institution, people begin to reveal their most unpleasant virtues. The three â€Å"principal causes of quarrel† include competition, diffidence and glory (Hobbes 1651:2). In order to control these causes, Hobbes proposes a sovereign with the ability to preside over all. He proposes a Leviathan with which the people can create a social contract and increase their probability of self-preservation. In return for its protection, the Leviathan assumes the power over all through violence, resulting in contracts of fear. Ensuing from the contract with the Leviathan, society understands that â€Å"a kingdom divided in itself cannot stand† (Hobbes 1651:7). Similar to the covenant between Rome and the Romans, however, if their sovereign fails to uphold its conditions of safety and security, the commonwealth can justify his disposal. In summary, Hobbes’ believes that a successful society is one that prevents people from experiencing complete freedom, simply because they cannot handle this privilege. In comparison, Locke states that the main concern for society is the placement of property rights. In a natural state, people are equal to one another and thus have no chance to progress. Just as Hobbes recommended the Leviathan, Locke presents the placement of property as an ideal solution. Locke believes that people are able to reason, and therefore understand what is morally right and wrong. This understanding allows resolution of conflicts without an intervening sovereign. Their trouble, however, stems from the inconsistency of their ability to apply these morals when faced with conflict. By appointing property rights, people develop a capitalist style marketplace. Methods of exchange are agreed upon, and therefore each man can benefit from one another. They acknowledge that if a man puts labor into land, it is his own; as he benefits from his own land, he is simultaneously improving the welfare of his entire society. Man is able to apply his rationality and take no more than he needs. In this scenario, one of the greatest differences between Hobbes and Locke is revealed. While Hobbes believes man is merciless, Locke explains it is man’s modesty that prevents him from going to war with his neighbor. In Locke’s society, people are rational, but do not always practice this rationality. Therefore, they must give up a little freedom, in order to gain wealth and acquire benefits. Hobbes and Locke share the idea that in the state of nature, men are equal. Despite man’s equality, both philosophers also believe man is constantly at risk of endangering himself. Where their theories contrast is in the definition of a social contract and with whom. While Hobbes maintains a negative perspective of war and violence, Locke’s view presents a more positive outlook. While Hobbes puts forth a government with totalitarian values, Locke’s government represents a liberal monarchy. Hobbes believes a social contract exists between a sovereign and his people; he obtains absolute power and cannot be overthrown. In contrast, Locke’s government is conditional and depends on the social contracts between society members. Traits of Hobbes’ natural state are still evident today in some societies. Without fair governments, corrupt populations will attempt to overthrow unjust rulers. A recent example is the 2011 Libyan revolution. Under Mummar Gaddaffi, the Libyan people felt their government was no longer acting in their best interest. As a result they overthrew their oppressive rulers and abolished the wrongful government, capturing and eventually killing Gaddaffi.

Power In Discourse Includes Powerful Participants English Language Essay

Power In Discourse Includes Powerful Participants English Language Essay Introduction: Norman Fairclough, observes that there is a correlation between unequal power relations and the way language is used. In this essay, Im going to comment on language and power in analyzing discourse. Ill discuss different encounters that display power in discourse. Therefore, I categorize areas of constraints enacted through discourse and Provide examples of language indicators of power in the quoted discourse. Power in discourse includes powerful participants who control contributions of non-powerful participants. Constraints of speakers contributions have three types; Content: what is said or done. Relations: Social relations involved in discourse. Subjects: Subject positions which people can occupy. Ive chosen an encounter which displays power in discourse as a conversation between members of a family about buying a new house in Kuwait; 1.Husband: I think about buying a new house.Thus,I d like to ask about your opinions. 2.Wife: A good idea but you should think about which are and location rather than size of the housev or number of rooms. 3.Husband: Which area do you prefer? 4.Wife: internal areas such as Shweikh or Abdallah AL-Salm. 5.Husband:(angrily)Are you crazy?Dont you know that the house costs one million dinar in this area but we have got only one hundred fortyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 6.Wife: What about other areas such as AL-Rawda,AL Sora,AL-Odyleyaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. 7.Husband:I told you that we dont have price of one house in these areas as the smallest one costs about one hundred seventy but we need a large house containg three rooms at least. 9.Sarah:(the oldest daughter) I need a private room as Im a university student and cant study with my little daughters.Thus,we need gour rooms at least. 10.Ahmed(the oldest son): I also need a private room. 11.Abdallah and Abdalaziz(twins):we alsop need a private room and dont like to change our school where we have all our friends.What about buying in this area? 12.Wife:(angirly) you will go to a better school and make new friendships. 13.Husband:What s your opinion,my parents? 14.Grandfather: what can I say as you decided to desert us? 15.Father:No,father,you will come with us. 16.Grandfather: I wont leave my house. 17.Grandmother: I wont leave my house.how vabout staying with us as the house is very large. 18.Wife: What about selling your house inorder to be able to buy a large house in luxurious areasà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. 19.Husband: I dont admit that as it is unfair to my brothers so Ill buy a house at our expenses only. 20.Ahmed:Dewanya is the most important place inh the house where all men meet,isnt it? 21.Father:Yes,it is very important. 22.Wife:(angirly)Where willyou build a house? 23.Husband: May be,in Said Al-Abdalah 24.Wife:(exclaiming),in Al-jahra.Ive never visited it.What can I say to all friends and relatives. 25.Husband: It have decided to do that. 26.Grandfather: You can stay with us after we reconstructed our house as we cant live without you. 27.Grandmother:It is good.Then,you can stay here , wont change your schools and have your private rooms. 28.Wife:It is agood idea.Then,we can do business to get more money and buy the house which we like,cant we? 29.Daughters and Sons:It is great father,we will stay with gramndparents and wont change our school. 30.Husband: Ill think about this idea. Father, as a power holder, exercises control over contributions of all family members in conversation as follows; In the opening turn,father,as a power holder in the house, announced to other members of the family what he is thinking about and identify their contributions in this subject Id like to ask about your opinions..In turn(1)He told them that he needs to know their opinions about buying a new house so he allows them indirectly to start talking and participate in such a conversation. Again in turn(13),father practices control of power over discourse when he asks his parents to tell their opinions What s your opinion,my parents?.However,he gives equal instructions to all participants to tell their opinions explicitly about buying a new house but when he notices that grandparents are silent, he asserts his desire to know their own opinions in turn(13).Father evaluated a lot of contribution from other members of the family in turns(21) explicitly when he asserted the importance of Dewanya Yes, its very important as his son suggested and in turn (30) implicitly when he decided to think about this idea. Father used positive evaluations in order to encourage other participants to continue their contributions in conversation. These are considered as arrogant if father address equal partners or more powerful ones. Wife made series of questions in turns(6),(18),and (22) which indicates that wife fails to master power in discourse. This is an appropriate tactic to maintain a lot of control on conversation as he asks most questions which all members of the family answer and express their disagreement on some suggestions or ideas concerning a new house. Family members answers show that they adhere to rights of conversation.However,some people cant imagine that father as a power holder can be asked and answer questions in turns(7),(15) and (19).Thats because father provides some space to other members of the family to make conversation continue on longer term. Obligations of family members to contribute in conversation are emphasized in turns (14),(23) and (26) by a pause(marked by a space dot) where there is a brief silence in which all eyes are on this participant who are responsible to tell his opinion. In turn(5),father uses a negative question Dont you know that the house costs one million dinar in this area but we have got only one hundred fortyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦which may be dependent on intonation or other circumstances of discourse. This question as if father suggested something before and wife contrasts this suggestion so his negative question makes his wife to look silly.Finally,in turns(25) and (30),father uses short sentences which seems to be hardly spoken as if he would like to end conversation as a power holder because he reaches his final decision concerning buying a new house or not. Question tags are used in (20)isnt it? and (28)cant we? which refers to the speakers suggestion but others may seem to disagree these suggestions. Question tags are used depending on intonation and other factors which affect conversation stream. Interruptions and overlaps occur in turns (6),(7) and (14) as constraints on content, relations and subjects arent well adopted. Wife and husband interrupted each others in these turns as if father fails to master power in discourse. Relations and subjects of the conversation are closely related as all these interruptions occur in the conversation. We have all types of constraints in this example. Concerning content, family members are required to tell their opinions about buying a new house. Relations are social between father and other family members. Subject positions include an aspirant father and other members of the family including grandparents. These constraints lead to particular forms of language. All constraints on discourse, whether content, subject or relation, dont appear to have direct control of power in discourse on other family members who participate in this conversation. When we examine conversation continum,we notice that father is the only responsible for giving all directive acts of speech particularly questions to other members of the family who are obliged to answer or at least give their opinions to father as a power holder over discourse. Family members play the role of fathers subordinate who must contribute by their views about topic of discussion which is buying a new house. Father doesnt control the discourse directly but family members are already constrained by conventions of discourse type which is previously identified. Although, father is a power holder who determines which discourse can be admitted, other powerful participants, such as a wife, can produce directive speech acts particularly making questions as what occurs in turns (6),(18) and (22) so wife as a powerful participant can indirectly constrain the participants by selecting the discourse type. The most important constraint is self-constraint as all participants adhere to conventions of discourse whether powerful or non powerful participants.However,father as the most powerful participant manages to master discourse very skillfully and provides space for other non-powerful participants to make their contributions or even interruptions in different degrees and distances. In turn(6),wife interrupts father not because she would like to do all the talking or control discourse but because she would like to relieve fathers anger from her previous contribution in conversation.However,in turn (7),father interrupts wife in order to control her co ntribution in the conversation as a power holder who has the right to practice power in discourse over other family members particularly his wife who should give correct participation as he expects. Power in discourse or behind discourse isnt always attributed to a particular person or social groupings. On the other hand, power may be lost or won in the discourse according to social struggle.People,who dont hold power usually look forward to gaining sources of power. This applied to0 the speakers at different levels whether situational, social or institutional. Let us begin with a text where struggle is clear in an interview between a student(S) who is accused of making trouble at school and a teacher(T); 1.T: Why didnt you leave school at 2 p.m? 2.S: I didnt use to leave school immediately at 2.p.m. 3.T: Why is that? 4.S: That is clear, isnt it?I,m waiting for may classmates to go together. 5.T: Well. There arent any students at school at that time, are there? 6.S: No, none of students are there at that time, are they? what about .students who were collecting there? 7.T: That was last year.However,Iamnt convinced that you are innocent as you said.Hence,did you go to the court instead of going straight home? 8.S: I thought that my classmates might come to the court.Anyway,we usually meet at the court. In this conversation, the teacher exercises control over students contributions. They both adhere to rights and obligations of discourse which readers or listeners can expect in such an interview.However,I dont expect that a student asks a question and a teacher answers. Audience may expect that teacher exercises more control over discourse than all people expect. He tends to exceed his discourse rights and doesnt adhere to his obligations.Firstly,the student challenges teachers questions in two occasions(turn 2 and 4),instead of answering teachers questions directly.However,the student provides an answer to a question implicitly in (2) and introduced it after he challenges the teachers question in (4).In addition in (6),the student asks a question which the teacher answers as all listeners or readers dont expect. On the other hand, a student gives an answer in turns (6) and (8) which is irrelevant to what the teacher wants to know.However,all expect that the teacher can force the st udent to requirement of an interview or which should have a relatively formal setting but he deals with a teacher as a peer. It is evident in a students vocabulraystudents,collecting,the court,meet.Audience thinks that a student who uses these vocabulary Must be influenced by the interviews setting,occasion,power and distance which separates him from the teacher. The teacher maintains a lot of control on an interview as he asks most questions which the student answers fairly with some complaint. The students answers indicate some adherence to rights and obligations of conversation., The teacher, as a power holder, yields some ground to the student in order to pursue a strategy of a long term. This may be an interpretation of the teachers failure to immediate challenge to the students questions but he answers them and let his challenge pass as he accepts it. This example shows how a social struggle of power between a student who shows that he isnt affected by school authority as he challenges conventional constraints of discourse in such situations. There are three levels of social organisation;situational,institutional and societal. We have described what is going on a situational level.However,we havent a adopted a social pattern to which a student belongs to the same class of society as all young people so the teacher uses appropriate tactics which are standard for dealing with all individuals of his class. At institutional level, law and the family are similar institutions which shows the same struggle between young people as a social struggle at an institutional level as the school can be considered as a social institution. Power in discourse or behind discourse isnt always attributed to a particular person or social groupings. On the other hand, power may be lost or won in the discourse according to social struggle.People,who dont hold power usually look forward to gaining sources of power. This applied to0 the speakers at different levels whether situational, social or institutional. Conclusion: In conclusion, some speakers have power in discourse as they exercise control on other participants of discourse. discourse is seen as a place where speakers exercise relations of power. On the other hand, power behind discourse is related to how relations of power constitute discourse order in society. Power cant be held by definite persons for ever but it is won and lost through social struggle. In my opinion, there is continuous inequalities between people, there is always power in discourse, power behind discourse and social struggle in discourse.

Charles Dickens Great Expectations as a Fairy Tale :: Charles Dickens Great Expectations Essays

Charles Dickens' Great Expectations as a Fairy Tale There are many ways in which Great Expectations resembles a fairy tale, such as the themes- poor people receiving riches, the moral reasons, - do good unto others and you shall be repaid. During Victorian times stories were used mainly for morals purposes. One of the main reasons why resembles a fairy tale is due to its characters Great Expectations has many characters that reflect the characteristics of those in fairy tales. Some of these fairy tale characteristics are found in Miss Havisham. In chapter eight, when Miss Havisham first appears, she seems to take on the aspect of a fairy godmother, but yet, she still seems to come across as a distorted figure. In chapter eleven, Pip tells how she placed her hand upon his shoulder, â€Å"†¦She looked like the witch of the place.† This shows Miss Havisham to be the wicked witch of the story. Chapter fifteen, in this chapter of the book we learn about the ‘morose journeyman’ and the sort of tales he told Pip. â€Å"†¦the devil lived in a black corner of the forge, and that he knew the fiend very well: also that it was necessary to make up the fire, once in seven years, with a live boy, and that I might consider myself fuel.† The horror stories Pip was told throughout his childhood are threaded into the texture of the novel through various images, and at this point in the book, Miss Havisham represents the witch, but she is also fulfilling the role of the fairy Godmother. Another witchlike character in the book is Mrs. Joe. Estella is another character ‘type’ that you would find in a fairy tale. She comes across as the princess of the story. When we first meet Estella she comes across as mean, and cold hearted which is due to being brought up by Miss Havisham. As we get further into the story we begin too fell sorry for Estella, as she has lived all her life with a ‘witch’. She now seems to be the doomed princess; however, in chapter 29, it seems as if Estella will no lunge be the doomed princess. †Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ in short, do all the shining deeds of the young Knight of romance, and marry the princess.† This chapter shows that Pip believes he can rescue Estella from Miss Havisham and live a happy life with her. Orlick and Magwitch represent the ogre type character that you would find in a fairy tale. In chapter fifteen we learn how Pip feels that Orlick dislikes him fro some unknown reason. â€Å"†¦Drew out a red-hot bar, made at me with it as

Hauntington Disease

Huntington disease Name Institute Huntington Disease Introduction Shortage of information about Huntington disease (HD) and its non-clinical management inveigled me into a quest for journal articles about this comparatively rare illness. Having pored over scores of Journal of Clinical Nursing Issues, I stumbled across the article entitled â€Å"Exploring supportive care for individuals affected by Huntington disease and their family caregivers in a community setting†.It immediately arrested my attention, as it touched upon the possible implications of HD for the affected persons, their family members (including those, who could inherit the illness genetically) and caregivers. This article is a collaborative work of the three authors from the University of Plymouth, namely Beverley Soltysiak, Penny Gardiner and Heather Skirton. It was published first on 10 July, 2008. Summary of the articleAccording to McDonald (2003), Huntington disease, formerly known as Huntington’s c horea, is a chronic neurodegenerative condition caused by a genetic mutation in the Huntingtin gene, situated on chromosome 4†. The article traverses implications and supportive care approaches to the individuals, who suffer from Huntington disease. Authors argue that different approaches should be applied to various age categories of the affected. The difference in symptoms may be subtle at first glance, but younger individuals, affected by the long-term conditions, find facilities for their senior counterparts unsuitable.Important role in this regard belongs to the psychological aspects of the disease. People struck by HD tend to lead sedentary and recluse life. Huntington disease affects badly humans’ perception and cognition, renders their speech unintelligible, and makes them helpless to some extent in general. The far-reaching implications include unsteady gait and severe depressions, which sometimes result in strangers mistaking persons with HD for inebriates or drug abusers. It takes protracted periods of time and frenzied efforts of caregivers to jolt people ffected by Huntington disease out of the so-called â€Å"public alienation†. Authors argue that Huntington disease is debilitating in terms of its impact on the person’s physical condition, but they conclude that it is devouring person’s psychological strength even more eagerly. Sporadic outdoors activities lead to the development of the trait of standoffishness, which, in its turn, hinders the process of treatment. This illness is incurable, while affected people usually live no more than 30 years after the emergence of the first symptoms.However, multifarious therapies and techniques aimed at helping patients to cope with the disease are employed (physiotherapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy). A multidisciplinary approach is utilized to make sure that complex care needs are met. Research focuses in part on interviewing the afflicted people in order to und erstand better how to help them to deal with the problems they face every day (anxiety disorders, animosity, petulance, apathy, and obsession). Depending on their willingness to cooperate, separate persons were interviewed individually or in groups.It was found that participants with cognitive deficits or/and psychic disorders did not feel comfortable to communicate with impaired colleagues in groups, and consequently opted for individual interview or shunned it at all. The same specialists facilitated both group and individual interviews. â€Å"Data analysis was undertaken using inductive coding technique† (Miles & Huberman, 1994). Interviewers point out that it was a daunting task for them to conduct the research, because cognitive problems of people with Huntington disease barred interviewers from following their train of thought.The heed was paid to the participants’ standpoint on the following themes: 1) Deciding whether to have genetic test; 2) Being given the le thal diagnosis; 3) Disclosure of information about the participant’s being diagnosed with HD; 4) Entering into serious relationship and having a child; 5) Making decisions about how to let children know of the genetic mutation; 6) Observing a family member suffer and wither from HD. Following the diagnosis of one individual, other family members are haunted by or preoccupied with the fear of having genetic mutation.Some people prefer being oblivious to this possibility, while others, prompted by the desire to obtain confidence in future, eagerly agree to undergo a genetic test. In any event, propitious outcome of a genetic test has not proved to be a precondition for sunny disposition. It failed to provide them with a necessary degree of certainty, as those, who turned out to be healthy, started to monitor themselves vigilantly for the possible appearance of symptoms. Evaluation This article provides a comprehensive study of the implications of HD and the means to address the challenges that these implications entail.The main emphasis is placed on those with HD; though, a good amount of attention is also paid to their family members, who are prone to inherit the genetic mutation, and caregivers. Bearing in mind brevity of this research and overall paucity of research into non-clinical management of HD, it would not be wise to grumble about certain details that authors failed to examine. However, I see it fit to note that more approaches of incorporating the afflicted people into the social milieu should have been developed, or at least, more thorough analysis of those listed should have been provided.In terms of interest, I would give this article eight points out of ten. On the plus side, it is laced with excerpts from the interviews, which enable the readers to take a closer look at the problem. Moreover, authors managed to construe the material without abusing the buzzwords. This makes the article flow easily and renders it readable to a broad audien ce. Given the scarcity of knowledge about this area of health assessment, there are no slightest doubts that further research into this area should be carried out. Many gaps still are due to be filled. Some of the possible directions of research were mentioned above.The information highlighted in this article would be of an utmost importance to the family members of people with HD and those, who take care of these people. Hospital staff could also defer to some advice put forward by Soltysiak et al. This article constitutes a precious groundwork for the researchers, who are interested in this particular area. Conclusion People affected by Huntington disease have to address a series of challenges in everyday life. It should be noted that neither these very people, nor their relatives, lead ordinary life after a family member has een diagnosed with HD. Huntington disease seriously undermines person’s physical and psychological well-being, with psychological effects having far g reater scopes. Reluctance of the affected persons to engage in social activities exacerbated by their distorted vision of the world hampers the process of treatment. There is no efficient treatment at all; though, a number of therapies were developed to extenuate the implications. The problem is that at the same time as people with HD need outdoors activities to muster stamina, they also need to muster stamina to go outdoors.By and large, individuals prone to HD feel frustrated at the lack of information about HD held by health professors. References MacDonald, M. E. , Gines, S. , Gusella, J. F. & Wheeler, V. C. (2003). Huntington’s disease. Neuromolecular Medicine, 4. Miles, M. , Huberman, A. (1994). Qualitative data analysis – an expanded sourcebook. (2nded. ). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Soltysiak, B. , Gardiner, P. , Skirton, H. (2008). Exploring supportive care for individuals affected by Huntington disease and their family caregivers in a community sett ing. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 17, 7b, 226-234.

Submitting Quality Business School Admissions Essays

Submitting Quality Business School Admissions Essays As with any other kind of statement of purpose for college admission, business school admissions essays need to be creative. If you are thinking about applying to business school, you are in for some stiff competition. That is why it is so important to work extremely diligently to compose an exemplary and distinctive business school admissions essay. In order to succeed in business, one must possess an entrepreneurial spirit. Similarly, in order to be accepted into business school, one must submit an ingenious admissions essay. If you are thinking about applying to business school, you had better be prepared to compose one heck of an admissions essay. Given that more than 200,000 MBA hopefuls apply to business school each year, you must find away to distinguish yourself. In my opinion, the best way to make your business school admissions essay stand out is to include an original business plan. With hundred of thousands of banal responses to questions such as: Why do you want an MBA? and What matters to you most and why? staring up at them from the pile of essays, admissions council members would love nothing more than to find a truly inspired admissions essay. With a failsafe business plan and written presentation illustrating your passion and knack for the world of business, your application submission will render exemplary responses from business schools nationwide. If you would like further ideas for writing business school admissions essays, then I encourage you to seek the assistance of a professional admissions essay editor. Professional admissions essay editors are well versed in the business school admissions process, and can offer excellent advice. In the meanwhile, if you have questions about college admissions essays and/or MBA essays, please dont hesitate to contact me.

How to Write a Perfect Article Review on Social Science and Crime Prevention

How to Write a Perfect Article Review on Social Science and Crime Prevention The first step to successfully writing on any subject is a thorough understanding of what your assignment is all about and the expectations you are required to meet. An article review is a critical constructive analysis of the literature of a specific field written for the viewing pleasure of professionals knowledgeable about that specific field or students interested in knowing what the literature is about. The work that goes into writing an article review is much due to the fact that the reviewer must engage with the original writer’s text, understand what he or she is trying to achieve before one can proceed to critique the article or literature. Therefore, if you are tasked with writing review on social science and crime prevention, here are some tips on how to get started and structure your entire review draft. Preview the Article Since your review is going to be based on another author’s work, the first step to kick-starting it, is going through the original work with a view to understanding what the author is talking about and to map out the points made. This is the learning phase, so you are expected to take note of points you do not understand and read up on them before coming to any conclusion on how to go about writing reviews. Explain the Article in Your Own Words To test your understanding of what you have just read, it is important to put the article or literature in your own words. This isn’t the start of writing your article review, but it allows you to break down difficult concepts using your own words and puts you in a position to explain the author’s writing to a 5 year old. Therefore, you can scribble, scratch and draw anything that keeps your understanding of the work to be reviewed fresh in your mind. Write an Outline of Your Evaluation The next step is organizing your thoughts on the points raised in the article in a structure that will help you come up with a good introduction, analysis and conclusion about the reviewed work. Once this has been done, then you are definitely ready to start on the more difficult part of your assignment which is writing the actual article review. Draft Your Article Review Now that you are sure of what direction to take, the next step is coming up with a good title that encompasses the entire scope of work. You can then proceed to develop on your title using this time tested format: An apt introduction, an analytical or explanatory body and a good conclusion that covers what you think about the work been reviewed. Conclude Your Review Now that your points have been made, and you have made use of points culled from the original article to analyze the arguments or compromises made, the final step is to be original. In your conclusion, you are tasked with summarizing your beliefs in relation to the article you have just reviewed. And there you have it, the 5 tips on how to write an article review guaranteed to give you top marks during your educational and professional career. So do not hesitate to continuously apply these tips as you progress with writing article reviews. You can also find 20 social science essay topics on crime prevention here as well as 10 facts for an article review on social science and crime prevention to help you get started with drafting your essay.

Transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes The WritePass Journal

Transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes Introduction Transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes IntroductionTranscriptionTranscription in ProkaryotesTranscription in EukaryotesConclusionReferences  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Related Introduction The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) its an organic compound whose molecules contain genetic instructions, its role is to store necessary information to create ribonucleic acid (RNA) and proteins. The DNA segment that encloses this information is called gene. The DNA molecular structure was discovered jointly by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953. From a chemistry perspective the DNA is a long polymer composed of two simple units, the monomers of nucleotides, whose main chain is formed by phosphate and sugar molecules. Connected to the sugar molecule is a molecule of four nitrogenous bases. The sequence of bases along the DNA constitute the genetic information which encodes the amino acids of proteins specific sequences. Translation occurs through the RNA messenger (mRNA) by copying part of the DNA chain through the process of transcription, subsequently this information is translated in proteins. RNA is used to synthesize proteins. Eukaryotes such as animals, plants and funghi contain their DNA inside the nucleus while prokaryotes such as bacteria DNA is scattered in the cytoplasm. Transcription The term transcription is given to the first stage of gene expression, when a DNA template synthesizes RNA. Proteins are synthesized by DNA through the nucleic acid RNA. RNA and DNA are similar, however, RNA contains ribose as its sugar and a uracil base, DNA in turn contains deoxyribose and a thymine base, therefore, whilst DNA nucleotides have a base A, G, C, or T, and RNA nucleotides have a base A, G, C, or U. DNA and RNA along with proteins are polymers that transmit information all the way through specific sequences of monomers. In both nucleic acids these monomers comprise four types of nucleotides supplying a specific sequence of nucleotide bases to each gene. In proteins the monomers are amino acids meticulously ordered in polypeptides. Transcription and translation are the means to synthesize protein from DNA. DNA and RNA only transcribe information from molecule to molecule. DNA synthesizes RNA through transcription by providing a template for assembling a corresponding sequence of RNA nucleotides, an identical process to DNA replication where a DNA strand template synthesizes new strands. In proteins, the resultant RNA molecule is called messenger RNA (mRNA), and is a transcript of the protein gene that communicates a genetic message from DNA to the cell synthesizing the protein. The three stages of transcription are initiation, elongation, and termination. The RNA transcript not yet translated into protein is a primary transcript. RNA synthesis is initiated in the nucleotide where the promoter gene, the RNA binding site, defines not only the beginning of transcription but also which DNA strand is the template. The promoter is where transcription begins when the RNA polymerase has attached. In eukaryotes the transcription factors composed by a set of proteins liaise the RNA polymerase binding and the beginning of transcription. In prokaryotes the RNA polymerase identifies and binds to the promoter, RNA polymerase II only binds to the promoter once specific transcription factors have already attached, this is called the transcription initiation complex, where enzyme begins transcribing the template DNA strand. Termination in prokaryotes is reached when the transcription proceeds through a terminator sequence in DNA, the terminator RNA which has then been transcribed is the terminator signal, and the transcript is released when the polymerase separates from the DNA which is then used as mRNA. Termination in eukaryotes happens through the polyadenylation signal sequence when the RNA polymerase II has transcribed the DNA sequence, which codes for the polyadenylation signal (AAUAA) in the pre-mRNA. After that, the AAUAA signal nucleotides, and RNA transcript proteins detach it from the polymerase, liberating the pre-mRNA. However, the polymerase precedes transcribing DNA for nucleotides after the site where the pre-mRNA was generated. The enzyme RNA polymerase is capable to start a chain without a primer, and therefore, reunites the RNA nucleotides while they pair off the base along the DNA template, assembling a polynucleotide just in its 5’ – 3’ direction. DNA nucleotides sequences determine the beginning and finishing of transcription. Transcription in Prokaryotes Prokaryotes enclose a particular type of RNA polymerase, a complex enzyme composed of five sub-units ÃŽ ±2ÃŽ ²ÃŽ ²Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ÃŽ ´ (holoenzyme), that form a core enzyme which when bound to DNA synthesizes RNA. The core enzyme is attached to random DNA sites and the purified polymerase is called the sigma factor (ÃŽ ´). Attachment of sigma factor to the core enzyme begins the transcription-promoter recognition. The enzyme then divides both DNA strands in the starting site. Once about ten nucleotides have been integrated into a transcript, the enzyme is changed to a transcriptional elongation complex releasing the sigma factor. The nucleotide at which transcription starts is designated as +1 and the previous nucleotide as -1. The previous DNA toward the 3’ end of the template is called upstream and the following DNA toward the 5 end of the template is called downstream. Small nucleotides sequences are recognized by an RNA polymerase as DNA connection point to start transcription, the promoters have consensus sequences recognized by enzymes. These sequences occur at about 10 and 35 nucleotide pairs before the initial site of transcription. Prokaryotic cells have an array of distinct sigma factors that recognise different promoter sequences. Elongation is performed by the core enzyme after the release of ÃŽ ´ subunit. The polymerase continuously unfolds the DNA ahead and folds the DNA behind the site of transcription (already transcribed). The RNA strand will be disengaging from the DNA as that RNA polymerase moves along the double helix. The protein RHO is necessary for termination of transcription. Termination occurs when the RNA polymerase finds a termination signal – the transcription complex dissociates and releases the RNA molecule. Sometimes, the polymerase finishes transcription without additional factors when it arrives at a terminator sequence and releases the RNA. There are two types of terminators in E. coli:-dependent terminators of RHO and independent terminators of RHO. Transcription in Eukaryotes In eukaryotes there are three types of different RNA polymerases acting in transcription, RNA polymerase I, RNA polymerase II, RNA polymerase III. Each RNA polymerase is responsible for transcription of a specific class of genes This difference in RNA polymerases is one of the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Other difference in transcription between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that eukaryotes involve an array of transcription factors. Transcription factors are accessory proteins are essential for polymerase binding to DNA template throughout the whole three stages of transcription. The three types of RNA (mRNA’s, rRNA’s and tRNA’s) are originated from RNA molecules. The first RNA is called the primary transcript, (pre-RNA). The site of DNA from which a primary transcript is transcribed is a transcription unit. The generation of RNA involves 90 to 300 nucleotides and their accessory proteins. The genes primary transcripts that encode proteins suffer modification before being transported to the cytoplasm. RNA polymerase requires transcription factors to initiate RNA synthesis and bind to the promoter region to form a complex initiation for the binding of RNA polymerase and beginning of transcription. Polyadenylation play an important role in the transport of RNA from the nucleus to the protein. ENZYME LOCATION PRODUCTS RNA POLYMERASE I Nucleolus Ribosomal RNA, except RNAr 5S RNA POLYMERASE II Nucleus Nuclear pre-RNA RNA POLYMERASE III Nucleus RNAt small nuclear RNA Conclusion The processes of translation and transcription are related in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, however, due to prokaryotes not possessing nuclei, their DNA is not segregated from ribosomes and protein synthesis apparatus, which allow initiation of mRNA translation while transcription is occurring. Eukaryotes transcription occurs in the nucleus where RNA transcripts are modified to generate mRNA, the transporter of information from DNA to the cell synthesizing protein, which is then translated in the cytoplasm. Prokaryotes have only one type of RNA for protein synthesis, such as ribosomal RNA. Eukaryotes have three types of RNA polymerase in the nucleus. RNA polymerase II is responsible for mRNA synthesis. RNA polymerases I and III transcribe RNA molecules that are not translated into protein. References  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Campbell, N., Reece, J., Urry, L., Cain, M., Wasserman, S., Minorsky, P., Jackson, R. (2008) Biology 8th Edition. San Francisco: Pearson international Edition. pp 351-367. Latchman, D. (2002) Gene Regulation: A eukaryotic perspective. 4th Edition. Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes Ltd. pp 35-65. Karp, G. (2005) Cell and Molecular Biology. 4th Edition. United Sates of America: Von Hoffmann Press. pp 436-467.

Examine the professional & legal implications of surgical site marking Essay

Examine the professional & legal implications of surgical site marking - Essay Example ing to abide by surgical site marking procedures include compensation claims for negligence, punitive fines, and jail terms among others (Clarke, Johnston, Finley 2007, p. 397). Surgical site marking is professionally and legally intended to demonstrate commitment to quality and safety to patient care. Surgical site marking can be used to assure patients that they shall receive the best quality of care possible. It is also aimed at ensuring that health care providers can feel the sense of accomplishment when they pride themselves in providing quality health care to patients (Jhawar, Mitsis & Duggal 2007, p. 68). Failure of health care practitioners to abide by proper surgical site marking procedures can lead to them being deregistered as professionals in their respective field in case patients suffer harm as a result of negligence (Meinberg & Stern 2003, p. 194). Legally, health care provider who fail to abide by the surgical site marking procedures also risk legal action being taken against them for neglecting their professional duties. As mentioned earlier, they may end up paying punitive fines, facing jail terms, or being barred from

Romantic Love Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Romantic Love - Essay Example As the essay declares love is one of the most profound emotions known and as exhibited from the thesis statement above, every person has an affinity to feel loved and wanted to make their lives interesting and bear meaning. Others seek romantic relationships where they are able to express their feelings to another compatible partner (preferably of opposite sex) as the main type of love. A romantic relationship for this reason is the most meaningful of elements in human lives that provides a deep source of fulfillment from the mutual association. According to the paper findings the ability to have a loving and healthy relationship is not innate. A great deal of evidence suggests that love possess certain specific characteristics, the ability to form a stable relationship right from infancy. A child’s earliest experience of love may be from a caregiver who reliably meets the infant's needs for food, protection, care, stimulation, and social contact. Consequently, romantic love is an invention of the modern world not an archaic relic. Most of historical societies did not experience or know love as compared to the modern society where individuals are allowed to make their individual, independent choices on the person their heart loves cutting across ethnic diversity, races and nationality. Popularly, parents would arrange marriages based on the families mutual attraction in the ancient days giving linking people with a destiny not of their own choice or selection. The modern society hence allows grounds for love to thrive and add meaning into life.

Discrimination and Male-Female Earnings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Discrimination and Male-Female Earnings - Essay Example Even so, in terms of pay, women are seen to receive less than men. Research has shown that on similar levels of an organizational hierarchy, men make almost twenty-five percent more than that earned by women. Many experts are of the opinion that pay discrimination is a myth in present globalized economy. They are of the opinion that such pay differentials largely occur due to certain social factors such as, a difference of education, choice of job and difference in career objectives. Hence, it cannot be adequately termed as discrimination. Even after taking into account such factors, it has been observed that unfair discrimination of wages still exists. Women in the modern economic world constitute almost half the workforce in most industries. Women, although are not the primary, are considered as equal breadwinners in five out of ten families in most developing nations. In most societies, women obtain similar or even more education than men. Yet, it is seen that most institutions pr efer paying women lesser. The studies conducted over gender discrimination of wages suggest that if the wage gap continues to widen as its present level, then it would take another fifty years for women to earn at the same level (Gardeazabal and Ugidos 165). Women continue to be discriminated in respect of pay, hiring, and promotions. These factors have become so common in the workplace that women have begun accepting them as part of their work life. Â  The first few years after graduation are the most important period for both men and women in respect of starting and setting up their career paths. At this time, both the counterparts are young, unmarried and have very little or no job experience.

Family systems therapy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Family systems therapy - Essay Example A mental health crisis, mental disorders, relationship problems, or parent-child relationship problems all bring the family into the involvement with the individuals treatment. The family may be counseled on how best to cope with a family member in crisis, or they may be a part of the treatment. No matter what the emotional disturbance is, the family is an integral part of the interaction and must be a part of the therapy. Systemic family therapies have been developed to treat the family as a cohesive unit. Behaviors and relationships are all interdependent within a family and as such need treated within the family environment. It will do no good to treat a single family member for substance abuse if the source of the users anxiety is the family relationship. Likewise, family members need to be aware of the impact that each relationship has on all the other family members. To study and manage the impact that the family has on mental illness, Alfred Adler pioneered the Adlerian technique of family therapy. More recent models such as brief therapy, and cognitive behavior techniques have all drawn from the research and writings of Adler. Because Adlers methods are at the roots of many other therapies, it is important to understand the Adlerian Family Therapy. It shapes and defines the family, its relationships, the influence of the individual members, and the actions necessary to correct family problems. Alfred Adler was born in Vienna in 1870 and after receiving a medical degree turned to psychiatry in the early 1900s. He was an associate of Freud and worked with him on several projects and occasions. During this period, he developed theories which would later evolve into the more recent ideas on self-actualization (Boeree, 2006). Followers of Adler include Rogers, Horney, Fromm, and Sullivan (Boeree, 2006). Adler stressed the importance of the individual within the family and postulated several theories on why family members

Ethical Organizational Climate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethical Organizational Climate - Essay Example In 2009, less than a month after being sworn in, he signed three presidential memoranda and two executive orders concerned with ethics and transparency (Hughes and Ginnett, 2012). A leader’s public and private morality can be distinguished because people exhibit different behaviors privately and publicly.A leader cannot act privately the same way he acts in the public because the expectations in both cases are different and trying to streamline them can create strains privately or publicly. The best approach is to find a balance between the two (Bowie, 2013). A bad person cannot be a good leader because effective leadership requires respect for the people one leads. How can one be a good leader if he does not respect the very people he is supposed to lead, and who probably placed him in that position of leadership? It is impossible. If leaders do not demonstrate ethical conduct then their followers will do the same (Bowie, 2013). Next, their followers’ followers will fo llow the cue and within no time a whole society will be corrupt and unethical. Leader behavior is more important in improving ethical values in an organization than a code of ethics or employee training. This is because good leadership embodies the other two aspects. A good leader creates a conducive environment to facilitate the employee training and the creation of codes of ethics. Codes of ethics and employee training cannot create better leaders than natural leadership (Bowie, 2013).

Write responses for discussions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Write responses for discussions - Assignment Example synchronizing limb movements to facilitate walking or effecting steps that enable the patient to carry out more intricate activities. Early mobilization of the patient also equips the patients with alternatives to actions they could do initially with ease such as bathing, dressing, driving etc. Recuperative treatment begins in the acute-care hospital unit, within 24-48 hours after the stroke, well after the patient’s condition has stabilized. Firstly, we the therapy involves inducing and promoting autonomous movements because stroke patients are often paralyzed and destabilized. Patients are encouraged to shift their position regularly and indulge reflexive and dynamic array of activity exercises to bolster the action of their TIA-impaired limbs. With reference to the extent of injury to the brain, the patient’s condition may improve gradually and steadily from sitting up, aided movement between the bed and a chair to standing, bearing their own weight, and walking independently or aided. Staffs at the mobilization unit, nurses and therapists, help recovering patients to perform more complex and demanding tasks, such as bathing, dressing, and using a toilet, and motivate patients to use their TIA affected limbs. Cumming, T. B., Thrift, A. G., Collier, J. M., Churilov, L., Dewey, H. M., Donnan, G. A., & Bernhardt, J. (2011). Very Early Mobilization After Stroke Fast-Tracks Return to Walking Further Results From the Phase II AVERT Randomized Controlled Trial.  Stroke,  42(1),

Family systems therapy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Family systems therapy - Essay Example A mental health crisis, mental disorders, relationship problems, or parent-child relationship problems all bring the family into the involvement with the individuals treatment. The family may be counseled on how best to cope with a family member in crisis, or they may be a part of the treatment. No matter what the emotional disturbance is, the family is an integral part of the interaction and must be a part of the therapy. Systemic family therapies have been developed to treat the family as a cohesive unit. Behaviors and relationships are all interdependent within a family and as such need treated within the family environment. It will do no good to treat a single family member for substance abuse if the source of the users anxiety is the family relationship. Likewise, family members need to be aware of the impact that each relationship has on all the other family members. To study and manage the impact that the family has on mental illness, Alfred Adler pioneered the Adlerian technique of family therapy. More recent models such as brief therapy, and cognitive behavior techniques have all drawn from the research and writings of Adler. Because Adlers methods are at the roots of many other therapies, it is important to understand the Adlerian Family Therapy. It shapes and defines the family, its relationships, the influence of the individual members, and the actions necessary to correct family problems. Alfred Adler was born in Vienna in 1870 and after receiving a medical degree turned to psychiatry in the early 1900s. He was an associate of Freud and worked with him on several projects and occasions. During this period, he developed theories which would later evolve into the more recent ideas on self-actualization (Boeree, 2006). Followers of Adler include Rogers, Horney, Fromm, and Sullivan (Boeree, 2006). Adler stressed the importance of the individual within the family and postulated several theories on why family members

Write responses for discussions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Write responses for discussions - Assignment Example synchronizing limb movements to facilitate walking or effecting steps that enable the patient to carry out more intricate activities. Early mobilization of the patient also equips the patients with alternatives to actions they could do initially with ease such as bathing, dressing, driving etc. Recuperative treatment begins in the acute-care hospital unit, within 24-48 hours after the stroke, well after the patient’s condition has stabilized. Firstly, we the therapy involves inducing and promoting autonomous movements because stroke patients are often paralyzed and destabilized. Patients are encouraged to shift their position regularly and indulge reflexive and dynamic array of activity exercises to bolster the action of their TIA-impaired limbs. With reference to the extent of injury to the brain, the patient’s condition may improve gradually and steadily from sitting up, aided movement between the bed and a chair to standing, bearing their own weight, and walking independently or aided. Staffs at the mobilization unit, nurses and therapists, help recovering patients to perform more complex and demanding tasks, such as bathing, dressing, and using a toilet, and motivate patients to use their TIA affected limbs. Cumming, T. B., Thrift, A. G., Collier, J. M., Churilov, L., Dewey, H. M., Donnan, G. A., & Bernhardt, J. (2011). Very Early Mobilization After Stroke Fast-Tracks Return to Walking Further Results From the Phase II AVERT Randomized Controlled Trial.  Stroke,  42(1),

Othello’s Shakespeare Literature Essay Example for Free

Othello’s Shakespeare Literature Essay Stereotype in layman’s term is often defined as predictable characters and situations or something that is not authentic, or something that is already experienced. In Shakespeare literature, stereotyping is sometimes inevitable. Some of his works, its themes and characters embody the social predicaments and situations during the time he created the masterpiece. In Othello’s case, the issue of race and religion and the revelation of the dark side of human nature is revealed and discussed through the characters. Themes and conflicts like jealousy, race, power, religious tensions, obsession and marriage illustrated in Othello are still important and experienced today. The characters in love, the characters in extreme emotions like obsession and jealousy and the characters who lose and win portray same emotions in reality and some other literature. The common human experience experienced by the characters of Othello, Desdemona and Iago makes this literature stereotype. However what makes stereotyping in Shakespeare’s literature unique and sophisticated is the creative structure of his stories and plays. The play reflects that race and culture divides the world and the people which, in effect, influence human responses to love and emotions. Othello, who is the main character in the story, is a black man who fell in love with a white woman, Desdemona. When Iago gave false accusations against Desdemona, Othello responded with rage, revealing his awareness that his newfound love with Desdemona was all but an illusion. Othello is obviously insecure about his identity as a black man which motivated his hatred and eventually his actions. Othello’s general conclusion that a white woman and a black man are unfit to become lovers motivated his demonic tendencies. This reflects that the controversial issues about racism manipulate our perspective towards love and relationship, which is often destructive. Like any other human beings when faced with inequality, Othello approached his emotions unwisely. Othello’s reaction to his feelings contaminated his sense of morality and spirituality just like how other people is being contaminated by their extreme emotions. Jealousy and envy motivate evilness and passion that in the long run will create human suffering and tragedy. People often hear that human beings are naturally selfish. In love, this selfishness is often revealed. However, those people who are victims of jealousy, especially the ones who are loved, will always experience passive suffering. Love affects in this case, the way a lover responds to love will greatly affect the beloved. Love is a shared communion. The lover’s choices will affect the beloved’s fate. Othello’s choices resulted to Desdemona’s death. Here Shakespeare demonstrates the defensive nature and stereotypical image of black people If Othello denied inferiority and race, Iago gave importance to power and race and status. This selfish need and motivation of Iago resulted to jealousy and which eventually led to destruction. Just like any other negative emotions, Shakespeare gave a predictable outcome: selfishness and jealousy leads to destruction. Stereotyping in character is probably used by Shakespeare to demonstrate the realities of human life and the realities of human nature. However the sophistication and language of his literature revealed his Shakespeare’s innate talent, artistry and creativity.

Assessment of Plants for Anti Asthmatic Drugs

Assessment of Plants for Anti Asthmatic Drugs Introduction Asthma is a respiratory inflammatory disease characterized by narrowing of bronchial airway. There are changes in level of cytokines, eosinophils, lymphocytes, mast cells, and other inflammatory cell products. As high level of IgE binds to mast cell receptors, it interacts with antigen, resulting in inflammatory reactions, like the release of mediators (prostaglandins, histamines, and leukotrienes). Hence, bronchoconstriction is triggered. Asthma affects 300 million people across the world and an estimate of a further 100 million will suffer by 2025 (Taur D.J. and Patil R.Y., 2011). Now, there are more and more asthma patients and research teams looking for natural or complementary alternatives to treat asthma. This is because the modern asthma therapy has caused many adverse effects. The natural plant used to treat asthma should have immunomodulatory, smooth-muscle relaxants, antihistamine, anti-inflammatory and allergic activity. In the Ayurveda context, an anti-asthmatic plant drug should have anti-kapha and anti-vata properties (Taur D.J. and Patil R.Y., 2011). Countless natural plants are used as the natural source for anti-asthmatic drugs. After intense research, a particular molecule with good therapeutic properties is identified and extracted from the plants. Then, the molecule will undergo many modifications in the laboratories, be produced in large scale manufacture, put into various dosage forms and marketed to the public. The examples of such plant drugs are Aerva lanta Linn (Amaranthaceae), Cnidium monnieri (Umbelliferae), Euphorbia hirta (Euphorbiaceae), Mentha spicata L, and Olea europea (Oleaceae) (Taur D.J. and Patil R.Y., 2011). Selection of 4 plant drugs 4 drugs are being selected for their anti-asthmatic properties: Quercetin Ephedrine Cromolyn sodium Theophylline Drug Category Plant source Properties Quercetin (Yikrazuul, 2008) Flavonol Caper Quercetin potentiates ÃŽ ² receptor stimulation via phosphodiesterase inhibition of PDE4 and PLCÃŽ ². This relaxes airway muscles (Drug Bank, 2014). It is also an effective bronchodilator and it prevents release of histamine and other inflammatory chemicals (Drug Bank, 2014a). Ephedrine (NEUROtiker, 2008) Sympathomimetic amine Ma Huang As a bronchodilator and decongestant, ephedrine is a potent sympathomimetic that stimulates ÃŽ ± and ÃŽ ² receptors. It reduces swelling and vasoconstriction in lung airways. As your airway widens, you can breathe more easily (RxList, 2009). Cromolyn Sodium (Fvasconcellos, 2009) Chromone complex Khellin Cromolyn sodium inhibits mast cell degranulation, hence there is no release of histamine and slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis. Type I hypersensitivity is ceased. Besides, cromolyn sodium may inhibit leukotriene release and calcium entry (Drug Bank, 2014b). Theophylline (Fuse809, 2014) Methylxanthine Cacao treeandcocoa tree Theophylline relaxes bronchial smooth muscles and reduces their responsiveness to allergen and histamine. It inhibits type III and type IV phosphodiesterase (PDE) which break downs cAMP, resulting in bronchodilation. It also blocks adenosine A2B receptor and subsequently, bronchoconstriction. Histone deacetylase is activated to prevent inflammatory gene transcription (Drug Bank, 2014c). Table 1: Drug, its category, plant source and properties. Plant Biological source Chemical constituents Family Scientific name Picture Caper bark,bud,leaves Rutin(Quercetin 3-Rutinoside),Quercetin 7-Rutinoside,Quercetin 3-Glucoside-7-Rhamnoside,Kaempferol-3-Rutinoside,Kaempferol-3-Glucoside, AndKaempferol-3-Rhamnorutinoside (Winter R, 1978). Capparaceae Capparis spinosa (Thomà © O. W., 1885) Ma Huang Stem Ephedrine, pseudoephrine Ephedraceae Ephedra sinica, Ephedra intermedia, Ephedra equisetina, Ephedra distacha, Ephedra trifurca (Climbjm, 2000) Khellin Seeds, fruits 1% of Khellin and 0.3% of visnagin are found in fruits (Drugs.com, 2009). Apiaceae Ammi visnaga (Sipler D, 2004) Cacao treeandcocoa tree Seeds The seeds contain about 2% of theobromine and 40-60% of solid fat (Grieve M, 2014). Malvaceae Theobroma cacao (Luisovalles, 2007) Table 2: Biological source, chemical constituent, family and scientific name of each plant. Different methods of screening The following two screening methods are done to uncover the chemical properties and effects of usage of drug quercetin. Method 1 is about using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ED) to extract rutin out of plant extracts based on its chemical properties. Method 2 is the involvement of guinea pigs to compare anti-asthmatic effect of quercetin with other drugs like cromolyn sodium. Screening 1: â€Å"Bronchoprotective activity in mice against various mediators.† Mice were exposed to either 4% w/v acetycholine bromide in 5% NaHà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡POà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ or 5% egg-albumin or 2% w/v histamine dihydrochloride aerosol in histamine chamber under constant pressure. Bronchospasm was then induced. The mice showed progressive dyspnea. The end point of PCD (pre-convulsive dyspnea) was identified from the time of exposure to the onset of dyspnea, leading to convulsion. When PCD started, the mice were removed from the chamber and be exposed to the fresh air for recovery (Bahekar R.H. et al., 2000). After 2 days, the mice were given different test drugs. The time for onset of PCD was measured against that induced by acetycholine bromide, egg-albumin or histamine dihydrochloride aerosol. The bronchoprotective effect of each drugs was calculated using the following formula (Bahekar R.H. et al., 2000): Tà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚  was a mean of control PCD time. Tà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ was a PCD time after drug treatment. Screening 2: â€Å"Quercetin inhalation inhibits the asthmatic responses by exposure to aerosolized-ovalbumin in conscious guinea-pigs.† Guinea pigs were actively sensitized with aerosolized-ovalbumin (AOA) (2w/v% in saline, inhalation for 3 min) in the double-chambered plethysmograph, triggering immediate (IAR), late phase (LAR) and late late phase (LLAR) asthmatic response. A doubling in skin thickness means a success in sensitization. Recruitment of histamine, leukocytes, and protein contents, specific airway resistance (sRaw), and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were measured. After that, the guinea pigs were made to inhale different test drugs for 2 minutes. The effect was compared between the drugs (Moon H et al, 2008). The respiratory function of guinea pigs were measured using double-chambered plethysmograph. Tidal volume, respiratory rate, tidal airflow and sRaw were measured. Quercetin reduced sRaw by 57.15 +/- 3.82% in IAR; 57.72 +/- 7.28% in LAR as well as 55.20 +/- 5.69% in LLAR. Cromolyn sodium significantly reduced sRaw in all three phases (Moon H et al, 2008). Comparison between screening 1 and screening 2: Both screening methods use animals as the in vivo test system, inhalation as dosage form and chamber as the place for induction of asthma in animals. Both are used to measure the anti-asthmatic effects of different test drugs. Screening method 1 Difference Screening method 2 Mice Test animals Guinea pigs 4% w/v acetycholine bromide in 5% NaHà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡POà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ or 5% egg-albumin or 2% w/v histamine dihydrochloride aerosol Chemical inducing asthma effects Aerosolized-ovalbumin (AOA) (2w/v% in saline, inhalation for 3 min) The time for onset of PCD Measure of drug effects Tidal volume, respiratory rate, tidal airflow and sRaw Bahekar et al. Researchers Hee Moon et al. Table 3: Differences between the screening methods. Side effect of the plant drugs Despite the popular claims that drugs from natural sources are safe and effective over the long-term, patients should not be fooled for thinking that natural drugs are safer than synthetic modern medicines. The same goes to the anti-asthmatic drugs. The side effects of the plant drugs are: Drugs Side effects Caution Solutions Quercetin Headacheor tingling in arms and legs, kidney damage (high doses) (WebMD, 2013a) Pregnant orbreastfeeding Interaction with antibiotics Cyclosporine,warfarin, or drugs (the function can be changed by theliver) (WebMD, 2013). Consult your doctor if the symptoms do not resolve within 2 or 3 weeks after starting taking this medicine. Ephedrine Dizziness, headache, nausea, allergic reactions, difficulty urinating (Drugs.com, 2014). Allergy to this medication Asthma Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor High blood pressure Heart disease (Drugs.com, 2014a). Consult your doctor if the symptoms do not resolve within 1 week after starting taking this medicine or you develop a high fever. Cromolyn sodium Nausea, joint pain, headache,mild stinging, burning ortrouble sleeping (WebMD, 2013b). Allergy to cromolyn sodium Kidney disease Liver disease (Drugs.com, 2014b). Consult your doctor if the symptoms do not resolve within 2 or 3 weeks after starting taking this medicine. Theophylline Chest pain, fainting, increase in urine volume, pounding or rapid pulse, persistent vomiting, seizures and shakiness (Drugs.com, 2014c). Breastfeeding (Theophylline can be present in breast milk, harming the baby) Anyone under 18 years old without medical advice (Drugs.com, 2014c). When your body gets used to the drug, the side-effects will disappear. Seek for professional health to reduce these side-effects. Table 4: Side-effects, cautions and solutions for each plant drug. Natural plant drugs do have their side-effects. Drug users have to be alert with the effects and take necessary precautionary steps or consult a doctor when any suspicious symptoms are detected. Conclusion Nowadays, you can find countless of prescriptions and over-the-counter medicines derived from plants. During the ancient times, plants have been the exemplary sources of drugs.They just do not get created entirely from zero in lab, but the researchers and scientists trawled through jungles, wetlands, rivers and grasslands they can find, searching for better compounds to test against asthma. Some of the natural anti-asthmatics underwent the most vigorous clinical trials imaginable, while some were not recognized for its functions due to lack of valid evidence. For example, the benefits of Quercetin in asthma are not known, while theophylline is the certified first line treatment for decades. There are many other plant drugs that have similar anti-asthmatic activity, like wild Licorice, Gingko Biloba, Anise (apinene and creosol), garlic and leaf of Parsley. All must undergo the most stringent quality control and quality assurance, together with firm uphold of Global Manufacturing Pract ice to ensure the quality, efficacy and safety of the plant drugs. So far, there is no cure for asthma. The effects of all the anti-asthmatic drugs and medicine, no matter which group it belongs, discovered has been limited to managing and controlling symptoms of asthma. However, there are more and more studies and researches, hoping to find a perfect drug to effectively and safely cure asthma (Taur D.J. and Patil R.Y., 2011). Reference Bahekar R.H. et al. 2000. New Bronchodilators 2: Synthesis Of 6-Alkylbenzimidazo [1,2-C] Quinazolines.Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, [Online]. 62/1, 41-45. Available at: http://www.ijpsonline.com/article.asp?issn=0250-474X;year=2000;volume=62;issue=1;spage=41;epage=45;aulast=Bahekar;type=0[Accessed 17 November 2014]. Climbjm, (2000),Mormon Tea in Arches NP[ONLINE]. Available at: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Mormon_Tea_in_Arches_NP_-_July_2008.jpg/1024px-Mormon_Tea_in_Arches_NP_-_July_2008.jpg[Accessed 09 November 14]. Drug Bank. 2014a.Quercetin. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB04216. [Accessed 20 November 14]. Drug Bank. 2014b.Cromoglicic acid.Available: http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01003. Last accessed 6th Nov 2014. Drug Bank. 2014c.Theophylline.Available: http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00277. Last accessed 6th Nov 2014. Drug Bank. 2014d.Ephedrine.Available: http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01364. Last accessed 6th Nov 2014. Drugs.com. 2009.Khella. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.drugs.com/npp/khella.html. [Accessed 12 November 14]. Drugs.com. 2014a.Ephedrine.Available: http://www.drugs.com/ephedrine.html. Last accessed 7th Nov 2014. Drugs.com. 2014b.Cromolyn sodium. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.drugs.com/mtm/cromolyn-sodium.html. [Accessed 20 November 14]. Fuse809, (2014),Structure of[ONLINE]. Available at: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Theophylline2DCSD.svg/612px-Theophylline2DCSD.svg.png[Accessed 20 November 14]. Fvasconcellos, (2009),Skeletal formula of cromoglicic acid (cromoglicate, cromolyn)[ONLINE]. Available at:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Cromoglicic_acid.svg/970px-Cromoglicic_acid.svg.png[Accessed 20 November 14]. Grieve M. 2014.Cacao. [ONLINE] Available at:https://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/c/cacao-02.html. [Accessed 12 November 14]. Luisovalles, 2007,Matadecacao[ONLINE]. Available at: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Matadecacao.jpg/640px-Matadecacao.jpg[Accessed 09 November 14]. Moon H. et al. 2008. Quercetin inhalation inhibits the asthmatic responses by exposure to aerosolized-ovalbumin in conscious guinea-pigs.Archives of Pharmacal Research. 31 (6), p771-772. NEUROtiker, (2008),Structure of (−)-Ephedrine[ONLINE]. Available at:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/(-)-Ephedrin.svg/207px-(-)-Ephedrin.svg.png[Accessed 20 November 14]. RxList. 2009.Ephedrine.Available: http://www.rxlist.com/ephedrine-drug/clinical-pharmacology.htm. Last accessed 6th Nov 2014. Sipler D, 2004,Ammi Visnaga[ONLINE]. Available at: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Ammi_Visnaga_(289632722).jpg/800px-Ammi_Visnaga_(289632722).jpg[Accessed 09 November 14]. Taur D.J., Patil R.Y. (2011). Some medicinal plants with antiasthmatic potential: a current status.Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 1 (5), p413–418. Thomà © O.W., 1885,Illustration Capparis spinosa0[ONLINE]. Available at:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Illustration_Capparis_spinosa0.jpg/640px-Illustration_Capparis_spinosa0.jpg[Accessed 11 November 14]. WebMD. 2013a.Quercetin.Available: http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-and-supplements/quercetin-uses-and-risks. Last accessed 7th Nov 2014. WebMD. 2013b.Mast Cell Stabilizers for Long-Term Control of Asthma. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.webmd.com/asthma/mast-cell-stabilizers-for-long-term-control-of-asthma. [Accessed 20 November 14]. Winter R. 1978. A Consumers Dictionary of Food Additives. Crown Publishers, Inc., New York. Yikrazuul, (2008),Quercetin[ONLINE]. Available at: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Quercetin.svg/800px-Quercetin.svg.png[Accessed 20 November 14].

Theresienstadt: A Model Jewish Ghetto Essay -- essays research papers

Theresienstadt, A gift from Hitler. A place of hope and happiness for Jews and Jewesses alike. Theresienstadt was somewhere they could wait the war out without fear until the shadow of Nazism passed. It was a place filled with the most prosperous artists and musicians, daily shows and operas, lectures and seminars, gardens and coffee shops. A place with grace and character. An entire town that was given to the Jews as a gift from the Fuehrer. A paradise for Jews. That is at least, what the Nazis wanted people to believe.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Forty miles north west of Prague, Czechoslovakia, surrounded by the central Bohemian Mountains Hitler pinpointed the small town of Theresienstadt to be his paradise ghetto, his à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“giftà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Located in a scenic community, Theresienstadt had broad streets and a large square surrounded by two large parks and two smaller ones. Here within an area five blocks wide and seven blocks long, over 140, 000 Jews would spend the last months of their lives, and only a few handfuls would survive.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first Jewish prisoners entered Theresienstadt on November 24, 1941. In the beginning, when the Fuehrer first presented the city to the Jews, many came willingly to the ghetto because life as a Jew was becoming intolerable and dangerous elsewhere with the rise and spread of anti-Semitism. The Jews wanting to enter Theresienstadt merely had to sign a contract turning over all remaining assets and property to the S. S, and in return the S. S pledged to take care of them as long as they inhabited Theresienstadt.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Theresienstadt was un-like any other ghetto in the fact that Hitler planed to use the ghetto as a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“modelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? ghetto. It was a model that was supposed to represent all the ghettos set up across Europe. Theresienstadt was a place the Nazis and Hitler showed to comfort and reassure the world as to the overall treatment of the Jews. It was a ploy to try to cover up the real horrors and massacres of the Jews that were breaking out across Europe. Theresienstadt was a ghetto designed to divert all attention away from the dying and suffering, Hitler wanted to hide the truth from the world and create a hoax. With thousands of Jews being transported and murdered, among them were people who would be recognized and missed in communities. These were people that were famous; ... ...e Russian army. Of the 140, 000 people that entered Theresiensadt through 1941 and 1945, Ninety thousand were sent to death in the east, 33, 000 died in the ghetto, and 16, 832 people survived. Most of those that had survived were those who had entered Theresienstadt close to the liberation. Of the 10, 000 children that moved through Theresienstadt only 93 of them survived. Theresiensadt was Hitlerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s perfect scheme. It was a beautiful small town hidden in the mountains with wide streets and parks the children could play in. The S. S succeeded in making the world believe Theresienstadt was a sanctuary for Jews. When in reality the arty town filled with wonderful and talented people was still part of Hitlerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s plan of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Final Solution.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Hitlerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“giftà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? was a gift to himself in a sense that he was trying to cover up his horrific actions. Theresienstadt was better than most ghettos, having more freedom to express feelings, and more availability to food, but it was still a part of the Holocaust. Hitler succeeded in two things in the years of Theresienstadt; the murder of thousands of Jews and the appearance and acceptance of Theresiensadt as, a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“modelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? ghetto.

The Government Should Make Use Of Revenue Sharing :: essays research papers

The Government Should Make Use of Revenue Sharing Federal grants have become more common over the last 60 years, due to the expansion and retraction of the size of the federal government. The federal government began expanding in the 1930s to deal with the Depression. It used federal agencies to directly deal with problems. As time went on, the tasks were turned over to the states, but the federal government still remained involved through the use of federal grants to states and localities. In the 1970s, Nixon's New Federalism put a heavy emphasis on federal grants. Revenue sharing gave federal dollars to localities and states that had never received very much or any federal money before. This increased local interest in receiving federal money in many localities. In order to deal with the federal bureaucracy and receive federal money, localities and states have to develop efficient and effective bureaucracies of their own. These state and local bureaucracies must understand the federal rules and requirements for receiving federal aid. Some states routinely receive a greater amount of federal money than other states with similar populations due to the differences in state bureaucracies. The state which has an effective grant-writing bureaucracy and maintains relations with federal bureaucrats and leaders is often able to get more money. Federal bureaucracies are often very regionalized. They are staffed by people from a certain region, and they primarily deal with people from that region. They give more federal assistance to these regions too. The overall trend in federal spending in a state may be different from a particular agency's pattern of spending. Some states may get very little overall federal funding, but may get much more than the average amount of money from a certain federal agency's grants. American state-level politics can be divided up into 3 categories: traditional, moralistic, and individualistic. Traditional areas are heavily elitist, and social elites are the primary leaders of society. They have less reliance on government programs, government spending, and government in general. They are not as democratic as in other areas of the country. Moralistic cultures put a heavy focus on government taking an active role in society. There is more emphasis on democratic methods in government, government funding, government programs, and the provision of services. The individualist culture sees government as only being important when it can help the individual succeed. It should never hamper the individual from attaining personnel success. The South is considered more traditionalist. The midatlantic states and other areas which have descendants of the original settlers of the midatlantic states are considered individualistic. The northern states are moralistic. All of these

Test Bank for Cost Management Essay

Answers 1. A.Competence, confidentiality, integrity, and relevance. – Given 2. B. Competence, confidentiality, integrity, and credibility. 3. C. Competence, confidentiality, independence, and objectivity. 4. D. Competence, accuracy, integrity, and independence. According to the IMA Code of Ethics, what should a management accountant do if a significant ethical situation can’t be resolved? Mark – Incorrect Answers 1. A.The accountant should confront the guilty party and demand the unethical action be stopped. 2. B. The accountant should try to rationalize and understand the position of the other party. 3. C. The accountant should say nothing about the matter until he or she has retired. 4. D. The accountant should first discuss the matter with the immediate supervisor. The strategy map is a tool that is used Mark – Incorrect Answers 1. A.as one of the key aspects of the contemporary management environment 2. B. to enhance the sustainability of the organization 3. C. to link the perspectives of the balanced scorecard 4. D. to organize the critical success factors of a company 5. E. to implement strategy Which of the following is the primary user of management accounting information regarding business units? Mark – Incorrect Answers 1. A. Company management. 2. B. Investors. 3. C. Creditors. 4. D. Industry and governmental organizations. When managers produce value for the customer, their orientation consists of all the following except: Mark – Incorrect Answers 1. A.Quality and Service. 2. B. Timeliness of delivery. 3. C. The ability to respond to the customer`s desire for specific features. 4. D. State of the art manufacturing facilities. If a firm decided to reevaluate and reorganize the way it did business, in hopes of creating competitive advantage, by changing or decreasing jobs, the company would be using which of the following management technique? Mark – Incorrect Answers 1. A.The value chain. 2. B. Business intelligence. 3. C. Business process improvement. 4. D. Product reevaluation. 5. E. Life cycle costing. Which of the following is not considered part of the Institute of Management Accountants’ definition of management accounting? Mark – Incorrect Answers 1. A.Partnering in management decision making. 2. B. Devising planning and performance management systems. 3. C. Gathering, summarizing, analyzing, and providing information. 4. D. Providing expertise in financial reporting and control. 5. E. Assisting management in the formulation and implementation of an organization`s strategy. The difference between wholesalers and retailers is: Mark – Incorrect Answers 1. A.Wholesalers are merchandisers that sell directly to customers whereas retailers are merchandisers that sell to other merchandisers. 2. B. Wholesalers are merchandisers that sell to other merchandisers whereas retailers are merchandisers that sell directly to consumers. 3. C. Wholesalers are merchandisers that sell directly to the government whereas retailers are merchandisers that sell to other merchandisers. 4. D. Wholesalers are merchandisers that sell directly to customers whereas retailers are merchandisers that sell directly to the government. 5. E. There is no difference between wholesalers and retailers. Cost management has moved from a traditional role of product costing and operational control to a broader strategic focus, which places an emphasis on: Mark – Incorrect Answers 1. A.Competitive pricing. 2. B. Domestic marketing. 3. C. Short-term thinking. 4. D. Strategic thinking. 5. E. Independent judgment. Target costing: Mark – Incorrect Answers 1. A.Determines cost based on an expected market demand for the product. 2. B. Determines cost based on a budget. 3. C. Determines cost based on standard cost. 4. D. Determines cost based upon market price and desired profit. Cost management information typically is the responsibility of the: Mark – Incorrect Answers 1. A.Chief Financial Officer. 2. B. Controller. 3. C. Treasurer. 4. D. Chief Information Officer. A practical example of when the theory of constraints would not be an appropriate management technique to use would be: Mark – Incorrect Answers 1. A.Long lines at checkout stands. 2. B. Busy signals on Internet server sites. 3. C. One critical production process provides 60 parts/min. output, compared with a company-wide output of 90 parts/min. 4. D. Balanced, fast flow of product through the plant. A company’s management accountant is trying to improve the way costs are allocated within the company. Currently, several corporate expenses are grouped together and labeled â€Å"overhead.† If the accountant wanted to use activity-based costing (ABC) to help solve the problem, what should she do? Mark – Incorrect Answers 1. A. She should try to map the departments` costs to their cost objects, and then charge each department based on those cost relationships. 2. B. She should research how the company`s competitors are allocating their costs, and then implement one of those strategies. 3. C. She should look for bottlenecks within the production process, and try to eliminate them, thus reducing costs. 4. D. She should examine the firm`s value chain and apply target costing before adopting ABC. Which of the following is not a contemporary management technique used by the management accountant to respond to the changing business environment? Mark – Incorrect Answers 1. A.Enterprise risk management 2. B. Lean manufacturing 3. C. Life cycle costing 4. D. Enterprise sustainability Corporate management is required to identify and solve problems from a cross-functional view. Instead of viewing a problem as related to a specific business function, management solves these problems by combining skills from different functions simultaneously. This approach is called: Mark – Incorrect Answers 1. A.Inclusive approach. 2. B. Integrative approach. 3. C. Intra-function approach. 4. D. Multilateral approach. Strategic management can be defined as the development of a sustainable: Mark – Incorrect Answers 1. A.Chain of command. 2. B. Competitive position. 3. C. Cash flow. 4. D. Business entity. 5. E. Company image. Which of the following does not represent a main focus of cost management information? Mark – Incorrect Answers 1. A.Strategic management. 2. B. Performance measurement. 3. C. Planning and decision making. 4. D. Preparation of financial statements. 5. E. Internal auditing and control. In keeping with the current trend of increased strategic planning, how have management accountants changed their use of life-cycle costing? Mark – Incorrect Answers 1. A.They have now shifted their focus from R&D costs to marketing and promotion costs. 2. B. They have turned from a sole focus on manufacturing costs to a much wider outlook, taking into account costs from the entire product lifecycle. 3. C. They stopped looking at the entire life-cycle, and now focus their attention on product design costs. 4. D. Accountants don`t use life-cycle costing, that task is left for the operations manager. Which of the following professional certificates is considered to be the most relevant for dealing with cost management issues? Mark – Incorrect Answers 1. A.The CPA, which is monitored differently for each state in the U.S. 2. B. The CMA, which is administered through the Institute of Management Accountants. 3. C. The CFA, since its program focuses on the broadest range of topics and responsibilities for financial analysis. 4. D. The CPA, CMA, and CFA are viewed as equally relevant, since all three require an exam, as well as specific background and experience requirements. In a local factory, employees are rewarded for finding new and better ways of changing the way they work. This company is motivating its employees to use what management technique? Mark – Incorrect Answers 1. A.Benchmarking. 2. B. Activity-Based Costing. 3. C. Theory of Constraints. 4. D. Continuous Improvement. 5. E. Total Quality Management. All of the following are examples of total quality management practices except: Mark – Incorrect Answers 1. A.Redesign of a product to reduce its parts by 50 percent. 2. B. Reduction in the movement required in a manufacturing job. 3. C. Separating the sales and services functions. 4. D. Raising raw material quality standards. 5. E. Cross-training assembly line workers to cover sick leave absences. Which of the following aspects of the contemporary business environment involves using statistical methods such as regression or correlation analysis to predict consumer behavior, to measure customer satisfaction, or to develop models for setting prices, among other uses? Mark – Incorrect Answers 1. A. Business Intelligence 2. B. Target Costing 3. C. Life Cycle Costing 4. D. Benchmarking 5. E. Business Process Improvement Management accounting information plays a critical role in all of the following management functions except: Mark – Incorrect Answers 1. A.Profit planning. 2. B. Executive compensation. 3. C. Planning and decision making. 4. D. Hiring a new CFO. 5. E. Preparing financial statements for the SEC. The five steps for strategic decision making include all of the following except: Mark – Incorrect Answers 1. A.Identify the alternative actions 2. B. Gather, summarize, and report accounting information 3. C. Determine the strategic issues surrounding the problem 4. D. Choose and implement the desired alternative 5. E. Provide an ongoing evaluation of the effectiveness of implementation A local area consulting firm is trying to increase the long-term strategic focus of its company reports. Therefore, the firm has decided to use the balanced scorecard. What type of new information that the company currently doesn’t use in its financial reports, should the company include? Mark – Incorrect Answers 1. A. Non-financial information, including customer satisfaction, innovation, etc. 2. B. Additional financial information, such as profitability measures and market value. 3. C. Product life cycle information. 4. D. Supplemental accounting reports. Which of the following is not a major change in the business environment that has affected the way many companies think about conducting business? Mark – Incorrect Answers 1. A.An increased focus on the customer, especially their opinions about functionality and quality. 2. B. A growing emphasis on globalization – new markets for products and new competitors. 3. C. A larger number of companies are starting to use advanced information technologies, such as business intelligence. 4. D. The development of improved cost management methods. Which of the following aspects of a company would not be considered a critical success factor, for a company that competes on differentiation? Mark – Incorrect Answers 1. A.Cutting edge research and development. 2. B. Excellent customer service. 3. C. Award-winning product quality. 4. D. Continually beating competitors to the market with new, innovative products. 5. E. High level of production efficiency. Target costing determines the desired cost for a product upon the basis of a given competitive price such that the product will: Mark – Incorrect Answers 1. A.Earn at least a small profit. 2. B. Earn a desired profit. 3. C. Earn the maximum profit. 4. D. Break even. 5. E. Sell the highest volume. 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Entrepreneurship: Strategy and Hardware Store

114) Assume that you are a consultant to a small independent hardware store in a town where a retail giant such as Wal-Mart, Kmart, or Target is about to open. The large retailer sells many of the same items the small hardware store sells, but at lower prices. What advice would you offer the owner concerning the hardware store's strategy?Explain.In order to keep being alive in a bigger and stronger competitor , the owner of every small business must create and develop a real competitive advantages and point of strength and differentiation , that will keep him away from any giant competitor like Wal-Mart.A successful strategic plan must be developed , converting the factors making this business considered as a small business to be the point of strength and success . Small Business has fewer product lines , well defined database and can serves in such a specific geographical area , unless it has several branches , and at that time , he can get valuable information and accurate needs of the customers through close relation and close contacts with customer , this is what is not available that easy in a mass retailer like Wal – Mart .117) assume you own a small print shop. Who are your competitors and why is it important for you to monitor your competitors' activities? Describe at least five techniques you might use to monitor competitors' strategies and actions ethically and inexpensively.Specific techniques that I might use include: †¢Asking customers and suppliers †¢Talking to employees †¢Attending trade shows †¢Buying competitors' products (benchmarking) †¢Obtaining credit reports †¢Visiting competing businessesMini-Case 3-1: Finding a Competitive AdvantageCopreneurs Ed and Yolanda recently opened a vintage used car lot called Cherry Lane. They sell antique and collectible cars on consignment for the owners at a fee of 30 percent of the selling price. The price is further reduced by 10 percent if a particular car is not sold within the first 30 days. One of the first customers convinced Yolanda that this was the only fair thing to do, and in an effort to provide something for â€Å"the cost conscious buyer,† she provided what she thought was excellent customer service and implemented the idea.Ed and Yolanda feel Cherry Lane has an ideal location. It is located adjacent to the city's baseball stadium, alongside the freeway in the center of all the other car dealerships. Although Cherry Lane has significant foot traffic, most people never make offers to buy.In an effort to increase sales, Ed and Yolanda are working on a new marketing strategy that they believe should be quite different from the â€Å"shotgun† approach they had been using over the last few months.Ed and Yolanda should follow these nine steps:Step 1:Create a clear vision and convert it into a realistic mission statment. Step 2:Analysis to get the company weakness and strength points Step 3:Scan the environment for significant opportunities and threats facing the business. Step 4:Identify the key factors for success in the business. Step 5:Study the market & analyze the competition.Step 6:Create company goals and objectives. Step 7:Formulate strategic options and select the appropriate strategies. Step 8:Translate strategic plans into action plans. Step 9:Accurate controls.The above steps are a continuous process that will keep continuing from the beginning and will never ends.